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Plant exosomes are small nanosized vesicles secreted by plant cells, carrying proteins, lipids, nucleic acids, etc., which play an important role in intercellular material exchange and information transfer. Most of the plant exosomes are derived from edible plants and or herbs, which are safe, reliable, with few side effects and mostly edible, and have great research and application potentials in the fields of drug delivery, skin care and anti-aging, and food health care.

The earliest discovery of bacterial extracellular vesicles (EVs) dates back to the 1960s until 2007, when researchers isolated bacterial vesicles from Mycobacterium species, demonstrating for the first time that Gram-positive bacteria can also secrete extracellular vesicles.EVs are nano-sized lipid vesicles secreted by bacteria during growth, which carry proteins, nucleic acids, especially virulence factors and immunomodulatory factors for interspecies information exchange and substance exchange with the host.EVs not only affect a variety of biological processes, but also show high potential for vaccine and anticancer drug development. EVs are nano-sized lipid vesicles secreted by bacteria during growth, carrying proteins, nucleic acids, especially virulence factors and immunomodulators, and exchanging information and materials between species, within species, and with their hosts, etc. EVs not only affect a variety of biological processes, but also show great value in the development of vaccines and anticancer drugs.