Great things are done by a series of small things brought together
–Vincent van Gogh
圖1.多能干細(xì)胞的外泌體。從多能干細(xì)胞,包括胚胎干細(xì)胞(ESC)和誘導(dǎo)多能干細(xì)胞(iPS)來(lái)源的外泌體可調(diào)節(jié)細(xì)胞信號(hào)傳導(dǎo)途徑、遞送表觀遺傳因子、促進(jìn)細(xì)胞存活、增殖和血管生成,從而提高了內(nèi)源性應(yīng)對(duì)損傷的組織修復(fù)。
干細(xì)胞治療為再生受損的心臟提供了巨大的希望,但已受其有效性、尚不清楚的機(jī)制、缺血環(huán)境中移植細(xì)胞的生存問(wèn)題等諸多因素的阻礙。移植的干細(xì)胞存活率和整合率低,且難以向心血管細(xì)胞譜系分化,從而限制了其改善心功能的作用。各種提高干細(xì)胞療法效果、克服細(xì)胞治療各類問(wèn)題的替代方法,已經(jīng)取得了不同程度的成功。無(wú)細(xì)胞組分,如富含來(lái)源于分泌細(xì)胞的蛋白質(zhì)、mRNAs、miRNAs的外泌體,是一種治療心血管疾病的潛在方法。最近幾年,不同種類的干細(xì)胞的外泌體已經(jīng)被有效地用于改善病理心臟的心功能。來(lái)自天普大學(xué)醫(yī)學(xué)院的Raj Kishore和Mohsin Khan兩位教授在近期的Cir Res雜志發(fā)表綜述文章總結(jié)了干細(xì)胞外泌體目前的研究工作,包括利用外泌體開發(fā)心血管潛在可行治療方法的優(yōu)勢(shì)和限制。
圖2.干細(xì)胞來(lái)源的外泌體用于心臟修復(fù)。不同類型的干細(xì)胞,包括胚胎干細(xì)胞(ESC)、誘導(dǎo)多能干細(xì)胞(iPSCs)、間充質(zhì)干細(xì)胞(MSCs)、心臟干細(xì)胞(CSCs)和內(nèi)皮祖細(xì)胞(EPCs)等來(lái)源的外泌體攜帶和傳送mRNAs、miRNAs和蛋白質(zhì)到受損的心臟組織從而增強(qiáng)內(nèi)源性心肌干細(xì)胞的激活/增殖、心肌細(xì)胞增殖、血管新生和心臟炎癥反應(yīng)的調(diào)控。
參考文獻(xiàn):
Kishore, R. and M. Khan (2016). "More Than Tiny Sacks: Stem Cell Exosomes as Cell-Free Modality for Cardiac Repair." Circ Res 118(2): 330-343. IF= 11.551
Raj Kishore教授發(fā)表的其他外泌體文章:
Khan, M., E. Nickoloff, T. Abramova, J. Johnson, S. K. Verma, P. Krishnamurthy, A. R. Mackie, E. Vaughan, V. N. Garikipati, C. Benedict, V. Ramirez, E. Lambers, A. Ito, E. Gao, S. Misener, T. Luongo, J. Elrod, G. Qin, S. R. Houser, W. J. Koch and Kishore (2015). "Embryonic stem cell-derived exosomes promote endogenous repair mechanisms and enhance cardiac function following myocardial infarction." Circ Res 117(1): 52-64.Kishore, R., V. N. Garikipati and A. Gumpert (2016). "Tiny Shuttles for Information Transfer: Exosomes in Cardiac Health and Disease." J Cardiovasc Transl Res.Mackie, A. R., E. Klyachko, T. Thorne, K. M. Schultz, M. Millay, A. Ito, C. E. Kamide, T. Liu, R. Gupta, S. Sahoo, S. Misener, Kishore and D. W. Losordo (2012). "Sonic hedgehog-modified human CD34+ cells preserve cardiac function after acute myocardial infarction." Circ Res 111(3): 312-321.Sahoo, S., E. Klychko, T. Thorne, S. Misener, K. M. Schultz, M. Millay, A. Ito, T. Liu, C. Kamide, H. Agrawal, H. Perlman, G. Qin, Kishore and D. W. Losordo (2011). "Exosomes from human CD34(+) stem cells mediate their proangiogenic paracrine activity." Circ Res 109(7): 724-728.
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